Heart Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation

Heart Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation Conceptual Agreeing a report distributed by the World wellbeing association about the most predominant reasons for mortality for the timeframes of 2000 and 2011, it tends to be seen that Ischemic coronary illness is the main source of mortality. There are numerous conditions that can prompt cardiovascular breakdown. Such conditions are raised circulatory strain, myocardial localized necrosis just as atherosclerotic coronary illness. Ischemia prompts corruption of the myocardial cells because of absence of oxygen bringing about lasting loss of heart muscle. Immature microorganism treatment permits us to reestablish the engine capacity of the heart by conveying undeveloped cells to the site of capacity misfortune. The point of this audit is to feature key focuses about the diverse undifferentiated cell types that are being looked into. In particular we will take a gander at how and why late advances are more qualified for treatment of various states of the heart. This will be contended by taking a gander at the manners by which the undifferentiated organisms utilized are gotten and transplanted just as remembering the characteristic conduct and motivation behind the various classes of immature microorganisms. Distinctive Stem cell Types Being Researched The two classes of foundational microorganisms that have been examined the most are mulitpotent and pluirpotent undifferentiated cells. Pluripotent cells have a more prominent power then multipotent undeveloped cells implying that lone explicit classes of multipotent foundational microorganisms can be utilized to reestablish cardiomyocytes. Multipotent Stem cells c-Kit+Cardiac Stem Cells These cardiovascular immature microorganisms display c-Kit+ which is a surface receptor that has tyrosine kinase action. There have been effective examinations utilizing these sorts of cells for myocyte recovery. As per Sheng and colleagues (2012) utilization of these undeveloped cells has prompted recovery of cardiomyocytes in the ventricles. SCIPIO, is a stage 1 investigation directed by Bolli et al. This investigation took a gander at patients who experienced a MI and afterward had cardiovascular undeveloped cells brought into their left ventricle. They distributed their outcomes in 2011 indicating that left ventricular capacity improved from the underlying discharge part that was beneath 40%. Makkar et al. in 2012 distributed discoveries for the CADUCEUS study. This investigation again brought CSCs into patients LV soon after a MI. Results demonstrated no mischief being done to the patient just as an expansion in the launch portion of the LV. Fuentes and Kearns-Jonker in 2013 discharged outcomes were use of ephrin A1 can improve CSC treatment in rodents. Ephrin A1 is a human protein significant for directing cell development that is presented before transplantation of CSCs happens. Most outstandingly repopulation of the harmed territory (infarct) was twice so much and just as having improved systolic capacity just as diminished number of inconveniences, for example, arrhythmias. Bone marrow determined foundational microorganisms (BMSC) BMSCs are acquired from that patients bone marrow and afterward used to treat a similar patient. BMSCs have been being utilized for quite a while because of simplicity of procurement just as the way that they don’t inspire an invulnerable reaction when utilized. As indicated by Sheng and associates (2012) BMSC treatment hasn’t lead to striking changes in quiet personal satisfaction with just impermanent mellow increment in ventricular systolic capacity. BMSCs discharge gainful paracrine impacts (Lee et al., 2005). Paracrines have various jobs remembering discontinuance of apoptosis for destinations of ischemic heart harm and incitement of host vascular (angiogenesis) and cardiovascular tissue (cardiomyogenesis) development. Between change of cells from 1 sort to another just as joining of at least 2 cells to become one cell brings about arrangement of endothelial and ventricular muscle tissue from the forerunner immature microorganism (Lee et al., 2005). Pluripotent undifferentiated organisms Such cells are fit for shaping every one of the 3 essential layers. Incipient organism Stem cells (ESCs) ESCs are gotten from the mass of cells inside the blastocyst and are equipped for self restoration. Contrasted with grown-up undifferentiated organisms, early stage immature microorganisms have progressively inborn capacity to supplant harmed tissue in the heart. This is because of them being pluripotent they supplant the muscle lost as well as perform angiogenesis. Headways in guideline of formative pathways for ESCs have empowered improved outcomes. BMP inhibitor improves the change of ESCs to cardiomyocytes yet in this manner diminishes transformation to different tissues of mesoderm inception (Hao et al., 2008). Hao and his associates (2008) likewise express that dorsomorphin can turn into an extraordinary apparatus for undifferentiated organism treatment later on. Wnt/ÃŽ ²-catenin flagging control with the utilization of XAV939 improves ESC separation into cardiomyocytes. Actuated pluripotent immature microorganisms (iPS) Quality Transplantation Direct quality conveyance For various types of quality conveyance the catheter needs to both good to the site focused just as not having any property causing injury or inspiring an invulnerable reaction. Naimark et al. thought about the utilization of Nitinol hardened steel and Stiletto catheters for epicardial organization just as endocardial demonstrating that Stilletto catheters were twice as compelling. Intrapericardial infusion Bit of leeway of this strategy for conveyance is that there is no presentation of the heart and different organs. The utilization of intrapericardial disease in hounds has indicated they persevere through the agony with not all that much trouble featuring that the patient will experience less misery contrasted with open medical procedure (March et al., 1999). This percutaneous strategy brings the qualities into the pericardial sac which at that point moves into the myocardium. (Kawase et al., 2007) There are shifting ways to deal with how to play out the infusion. Fromes and colleagues utilized a transdiaphragmetic technique. What was watched was that infusion of the undeveloped cells on their own lead to no quality articulation contrast in the myocardium. Foundational microorganism articulation results toward the finish of week one improved altogether with expansion of proteinase in the infusion liquid. Endocardial infusion Microsphere maintenance changes as per volume utilized and site of infusion. Endomyocardial infusion had 28% more prominent maintenance then epicardial organization. Further maintenance can be gotten with the utilization of 10 ÃŽ ¼L rather then 100 ÃŽ ¼L. More noteworthy spread of the adenovirus which encoded lac-Z was watched going to different organs in lower volumes as well (Grossman et al., 2002). Utilization of fluoroscopy demonstrated that this strategy is protected and that quality articulation is available in 81% of the pigs utilized. Examples utilized gave no side effects and indications of heart arrhythmia or unsettling influence of blood stream. Patients experiencing incessant ischemia can create confusions, for example, puncturing of the ventricle because of its slim nature just as emanation of liquid in the pericardial sac diminishing cardiovascular yield (Gwon et al., 2001). Intramyocardial infusion This strategy has demonstrated incredible achievement in numerous investigations because of direct conveyance of vector to site of harm. Infusion of columnist quality into heart tissue and articulation of the quality is practical in canine myocardium. Reaction demonstrated to be straightforwardly relative to the volume of plasmid DNA utilized. Strikingly quality articulation was uniform all through the left ventricle autonomous of the degree of injury. Undifferentiated organism articulation slowly debilitates after some time demonstrating most noteworthy action toward the finish of the main week (von Harsdorf et al., 1993). Utilization of plasmid DNA for cardiovascular muscle shows one of a kind property of the tissue in having the option to take-up DNA through the utilization of T tubules. Debilitated articulation after the primary week is because of safe protective instruments focusing on transfected cells (Acsadi et al., 1991). Utilization of plasmid DNA vectors in early examinati ons demonstrated low productivity regarding transduction and time stretch in which it is dynamic; this lead to the utilization of adenovirus to move of ÃŽ ²-galactosidase quality and plasmid. Anyway results indicated poor articulation after day 7 just as invulnerable response age (Guzman et al., 1993). Utilization of rAAV end up being an increasingly effective vector for the LacZ quality demonstrating no insusceptible reaction age or aggravation at the site of infusion. Articulation was most grounded following multi week during weeks 4 to 8 demonstrating next to no outcomes in the initial fourteen days. An expansion in productivity regarding number of cells that experience transduction because of perfusion was watched. Half of the cardiomyocytes indicated LacZ quality articulation (Svensson et al., 1999). BetaARKct quality delivers a peptide that improves betaAR (beta-adrenergic receptor) flagging which supposedly diminishes after a myocardial infarct. BetaAR work is meddled upon by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2. BetaARKct quality item will take out G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 impedance. rAAV6 was utilized as a vector. Presentation of the BetaARKct quality further expanded the proficiency of the intramyocardial infusion with improved transduction cell number and time allotment stretch articulation is most grounded †as long as 12 weeks from beginning of trial. Long haul utilization of BetaARKct quality lead to raised cardiovascular contractility just as a pivot in ventricular redesigning (Rengo et al., 2009). Move of vascular endothelial development factor (VEGF) advanced angiogenesis in harmed myocardium and decreased anginal agony (Koransky et al., 2002). Transvascular quality conveyance A few maladies, for example, aspiratory and basic hypertension, long QT disorder and congestive cardiovascular breakdown require not only a level of their cells to experience transduction but instead the whole myocardium. This must be finished by a strategy that guarantees worldwide conveyance to the myocardium (Donahue et al., 1997). This is on the grounds that it’s not only a gathering of cells that are adding to the infection but instead each phone. For example Intramyocardial infusion in these conditions would be pointless as it just influences a little region. Specific coronary catheterization with antegrade intracoronary conveyance A solitary pass strategy yields poor transduction esteems demonstrating phenotype articulation in as it were

Role Of Sport In Modern Society Cultural Studies Essay

Job Of Sport In Modern Society Cultural Studies Essay The significance of game in present day society Improvement of mass games and its place in present day society is a topical issue vital. Promotion of physical culture, sports and sound way of life assumes a significant job in the public arena in any nation. Mass game is the premise of pro game, the state of physical flawlessness of the more youthful ages. Pro game permits, by distinguishing singular chances and capacities of every individual in a specific zone of sports movement (through expanded specialization and individualization of the preparation procedure), to accomplish most extreme, record donning results. Records in pro match, dominating the official worldwide, national and other games, makes an ethical motivation to the improvement of mass games. Talking about the job of game in present day society, it very well may be contended that game is a constant social analysis, wherein humankind showsits potential, aggregating and improving human capital, extending its latent capacity. Sports, by performing formative, instructive, devoted, open capacity, incorporates and organizes people and social gatherings, encourages the country to develop.The sport framework is straightforwardly associated with the subsystems of wellbeing, science, culture, childhood and training. Game significantly affects the financial and political procedures of any cutting edge society. It is very normal that these days complex financial, mental and natural circumstance on the planet is putting new requests to different areas of open life, remembering for such sort of human movement as a game. As a matter of first importance, it ought to be noticed that even today the issue of advancement of different sorts of physical culture and game among assorted populaces. It is self-evident, that efficient game movement and different sorts of physical activities in an assortment of ways will improve the general obstruction of individuals life form to the cutting edge differing impacts of different kinds.Particularly significant this issue is for youthful age because of a huge decrease in physical wellbeing among youngsters, spread among them of sicknesses, that undermines the monetary, scholarly and social strength of our general public in exceptionally close future.In this respect, government purposeful publicity of solid way of life and game assumes an uncommon position duri ng the time spent advancement of present day mass game. (Nicholson, 2008) SOCIAL ROLE OF SPORT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY Game is a significant social wonder in all degrees of present day society, giving an enormous effect on key zones of public activity: it influences national relations, business life, economic wellbeing, style structures, moral qualities, people groups way of life. On the side of this theory we can recollect the statement of some competitor sports today is a significant social factor, that can oppose the attack of modest culture and negative behavior patterns. (Nicholson, 2008) Surely, the wonder of game has a ground-breaking socialization power. Lawmakers have since quite a while ago thought about the national game as a leisure activity, ready to join the network with a bound together national thought, loaded up with a sort of belief system, people groups want to succeed, to win. In the U.S., for instance, during the 60s, sport, turning into a national energy, that was proclaimed as a model of American culture, and since 70 80-s the game in the U.S. has become the subsequent religion, accepted by most Americans. Significant job in advancing the game played media, that assisted with defeating the supposed mental obstruction in open perspectives to physical movement. Sports as social marvels ischaracterized by a particular social and general social capacity. That initially incorporate such capacities as advancement of physical capacities, the fulfillment of social and characteristic needs in engine action and enhancement of the physical state and wellbeing, physical turn of events, improves build, assists with forestalling and lessen the enormous number of illnesses. Game, being one of the most significant methods for upgrading human wellbeing, physical turn of events and improvement, it additionally has a huge constructive effect on his profound world, his demeanor, feelings, moral standards, stylish tastes, advancing amicable advancement of personality.Modern sport is likewise significant in the advancement of contacts between individuals, inside one nation, yet in addition globally, assuming a noteworthy job in extending shared comprehension between peoples,helps to make an atmosphere of trust and harmony. Hence, the game is firmly associated with the psychological, good, tasteful, informative, and different circles of culture, in such manner is vital part of people㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢s social life.This alludes to the particular social and general social elements of game, and furthermore socioculturalfunctions. (McPherson 1989) Right off the bat, it is important to make reference to acompetitive capacity, which communicates the socio-social nature of game. It incorporates a few basic parts of the game, both the imaginative action of the competitors and the arrangement of important volitional characteristics, and the trading of game aftereffects of experience and accomplishments, just as different components. Actually, the social wonder of the opposition portrays the game as a type of exceptional social action. As an underlying type of athletic relations, any counterpart for an individual is a battle, that requires a pressure breaking point of strenght and capacities. The quest for breaking point of human capacities consistently sends a competitor on the way of constant turn of events and progress of physical and otherworldly quality. Diverse sportevents like matches and rivalries delineate and think about assortment of wearing accomplishments and results, show athletes㠢㠢‚⠬㠢„â ¢ deal with methodical preparing and personal development. As it were, clearly without information and thought of social and social procedures in present day society, it is difficult to guarantee competitors or sports group support. Another part of the serious capacity lies in solid willed preparing of competitors and sports groups. Undoubtedly, sport competitionshelpto developsuch socially significant qualities as commitment, tirelessness, assurance, fortitude, perseverance, activity, freedom and discretion, so fundamental for high accomplishment in rivalries, just as in ordinary life.Named angle supplements the one more capacity as genuine trade of understanding of methods of sports preparing between the individual competitors, sports groups, national groups. The object of trade can be additionally sports titles, the strategy of sports action, types of association of sports and athletic work. At last, in serious capacity sports completely present its inventive perspective that is related fundamentally with the symphonious improvement of character of athlete. The second significant capacity of game is informative capacity, which add to the improvement of character in the correspondence procedure. Part of correspondence in sports lies in those relations in which the competitor originates from society and its organizations, with the mentors, different competitors and sports fans.Communicative capacity likewise incorporates parts of the notoriety related with the craving to self-insistence and acknowledgment, helps tobring-up youngsters and adolescents, as a characteristic mean of disengaging youth from the hurtful impact of the road. Experience obviously shows that game is one of the best mean of re-training, giving chances to the acknowledgment of vitality, activity, imagination and physical capacities, for authority and rivalry in a solid way. A portion of the issues of game in present day society We are happy tolive in the hours of the Olympic development, which points investment in building a serene and better world, through training of youth through game, in a feeling of Olympism and with no separation. This expects us to a neighborly getting, solidarity and reasonable play Juan Antonio Samaranch . We can say that game is a mirror which, as per its goals and the movement, mirrors the fundamental estimations of society, without applying a functioning effect on them. The verifiable procedure of sorted out games development about a century shows that in Western nations essentials for quick improvement of game depend on contemporary social changes.The very rise of high seriousness in the game was an impression of a serious society, related with liberal reasoning. A national physical culture mirrors the fundamental patterns of the estimations of society, and global donning life is an indicator of universal legislative issues. Present day sport is likewise a microcosm of current society, and along these lines the most significant issues of current game are like the fundamental issues of current society, for example, sexual, ethnic and racial segregation, wrongdoing and misdirection, control of brutality, sedate use, betting, liquor abuse, ecological security social, political and universal relations, and so on additionally game can be a firm power in the public arena, which effectively underpins the social request and its qualities, just as the force structure inside which it works. This proposal incorporates the way that game can be utilized as instrument by the administration, it can without much of a stretch be utilized to execute the goals of social force. The past and ongoing occasions within recent memory show those various manners by which game is generally utilized in national and supranational interests. (Coalter 2008) The primary model is China. After the arrangements of Mao of the shut entryway , his replacement Deng Xiao-ping attempted to improve the picture of the nation utilizing the donning accomplishments in universal rivalries, as he and his organization accepted that achievement in sport was a significant factor in accomplishing global acknowledgment. Ping pong strategy of China is a notable case of how game was utilized as an apparatus for building up relations with different nations (Luo, 1995). Be that as it may, comparable models c

Overview Of The Sugar Industry Of Pakistan Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Pakistan is the 5th largest country in the world in terms of area under sugarcane cultivation, 11th by production and 60th in terms of yield. Sugarcane is the primary raw material for the production of sugar. Since independence, the area under cultivation has increased more rapidly than any other major crop at around one million hectares. The sugar industry in Pakistan is the 2nd largest agro based industry comprising 81 sugar mills out of which 27 are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. The annual crushing capacity of the industry is over 6.1 million tones. Sugarcane farming and sugar manufacturing contribute significantly to the national exchequer in the form of various taxes and levies. Sugar manufacturing and its by-products have contributed significantly towards the foreign exchange resources through import substitution. Sugar production is a seasonal activity. The mills, at an average operate for 150 days a year whereas the supplies are made throughout the year. As the industry now has large daily crushing capacity there are efforts to reduce the production even further. 1.2 About the subject The purpose of this research was to examine the significance of free cash flow in relation with firms capital expenditure. Many researchers have studied the relationship built around free cash flow and have argued that managers have to play a vital role in deciding where free cash flow eventually ends up. Something known as an agency problem is widely discussed and commented on by several researchers. This problem talks exactly about the conflict of interest between managers and shareholders. Shareholders are interested in earning as much dividends as possible which would increase their value. On the contrary, managers think for themselves. They tend to invest the available cash flow in projects that would not necessarily increase shareholders value but ensure that the tenure of the manager is as extended as possible. New investments would mean more responsibilities on managers thus their uninterrupted length of service is required in the long term interest of the firm. Going one s tep ahead of agency problem, this study is related to free cash flow which shows an association and a relationship with the capital expenditure. 1.2.1 Free cash flow. Free cash flow is aÂÂ  measure of financial performance and one of the sources of capital expenditure in firms. Managers can either disburse the available cash among shareholders in the form of dividends afterÂÂ  keeping aside the money required to expand or maintain its asset base or hold it back for developing new products, making acquisitions, and reducing debt. At this point in time, it is imperative to note that negative free cash flow in itself is not bad. If free cash flow is negative, itÂÂ  could show that a company is developing new products, reducing debts or even making large investments. If these cash out flows earn a high return eventually, the strategy has the potential to pay off in the long run. 1.2.2 Capital expenditure. Capital expenditure (CAPEX) are those cash outflows that c reate future benefits for the firm. A capital expenditure is incurred when a business outlay funds to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as property, industrial buildings or equipment. CAPEX is commonly found on the Cash Flow Statement as an investment in plant, property and equipment or something similar in the investing section. Companies listed on stock exchange will often list their capital expenditures for the year in annual reports, which allows shareholders to see how the company is using their funds and whether it is investing in its long term growth. The hypothesis tested in this study is accepted and thus a non existence of a relationship between free cash flow and capital expenditure is established. 1.3 Hypothesis Free Cash flow has no relationship with capital expenditure. 1.4 Theoretical framework and hypothesis formation The hypothesis aims to prove that there is no relationship between free cash flow and capital expenditure, concentrating on the Sugar Industry of Pakistan. In order to do that, linear regression seems to be the best test as it attempts to model the relationship between two variables by fitting a linear equation to observed data. One variable is considered to be an independent variable while the other is considered to be a dependent variable. The objective of multiple linear regression analysis is to use the independent variables whose values are known to forecast the single dependent value selected by the researcher. (Hair, 2006) CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Cash flow was determined by integrating the cash receipt and disbursement items from the income statement with the change in each balance sheet item; the sum of the cash inflows equals the sum of the ca sh outflows. Whereas capital expenditure is the amount a company spends buying or upgrading fixed assets, such as equipment, during the year and acquiring subsidiaries, minus government grants received. Jensen (1986) in his free cash flow (FCF) hypothesis suggests that surplus cash flow was exhausted on value-destroying expenditure because managers have personal motivation to raise the asset base of the business rather than dispense cash among shareholders in the form of dividends. Cash flow has always been somewhat of a puzzle in the literature on the determinants of investment. Gugler (2004) argues that in a strictly neoclassical world, cash flow does not belong in an investment equation. Even than pragmatic studies dating back over 4 decades invariably document that cash flow and investment are positively related. The effect of cash flow engendered from within on financing of capital investment expenditure is well studied. But what remains to be studied thoroughly is the reason behind this effect. The irrelevance proposition of Modigliani and Miller (1958) affirms that firms undertake positive net present value (NPV) ventures irrespective of the source of financing. Firms that pay low dividends rely more profoundly on cash flow as shown by Fazzari, Petersen and Hubbard (1988). The first two gentlemen also found that such firms use working capital adjustments and not external financing to maintain the needed capital expenditure in order to smooth fluctuations in cash flow. They further argued that in order to save cash flow, firms choose a stumpy dividend payout strategy. Calomiris and Hubbard (1995) proved that those firms have most reliance on cash flow to finance capital expenditure which pay the highest taxes allied with undistributed profits. Devereux and Schiantareelli (1990) found that as compared to smaller firms in the UK, the large firms depend more heavily on cash flow financing. The reason they pointed out for such a trend was t he manager/shareholder agency problems in these large firms mainly because of lower managerial ownership and higher costs allied with monitoring system. In this thesis, further evidence have been provided on the role of free cash flow and capital expenditure through observing the data provided by the Karachi Stock Exchange. To measure the market reaction to such expenditure plans, the over and above returns around capital announcements have been used. It was moreover, found that the impact capital expenditure has on firm value that is financed by cash flow depends upon the characteristics of the firm making the expenditures. Firms show a strong positive relation between the level of undistributed cash flow and the level of announced expenditure, although large firms depend less heavily on cash flow as compared to the small firms and those firms that have high managerial ownership. Jensen (1986) proposed that those firms which had a hefty level of free cash flow were likely to squander it on unprofitable ventures. As a result undistributed cash flow must play an important role in illumination of capital expenditure by these organizations. In addition, there are firms which are more prone to the free cash flow agency problems, especially the large firms which, as discussed by Devereux and Schiantarelli (1990), generally have a more assorted ownership formation. Jensen (1993) discussed such firms as the ones that have further expensive internal control system. About small firms, Jalilvand and Harris (1986) commented that they are more vulnerable to experience cash flow restraint mainly because they have limited way in to outer captial market due to high transaction cost of public security isssue and the information problems. Therefore, Vogt (1997) believes that small firms tend to have profitable and at the same time unexploited investment opportunities. The available cash flow should be the main source of capital expenditure by these firms. Moreover, if ca sh flow is used by these firms to fund the capital expenditure, such an announcement must show a positive reaction in terms of appreciated stock prices. Jensen (1986) argues that there are agency costs coupled with free cash flow. His study broadens that argument and speculates that shareholders form their valuation decisions on firms reputations regarding free cash flow exploitation. This notion was tested by examining the stock price responses to equity offers, which generally aggravate the cash flow quandary, for firms differentiated by their recent avaricious behavior. The results suggested that shareholders react more positively to equity issue announcements if firms have obtained only assets related to their key business than to other equity issue announcements. On another occasion, Jensen and Meckling (1976) explained the agency problem between managers and shareholders. They unarguably stated that managers are supposed to be the representatives of the shareholders. But they tend to make those decisions that will maximize their own benefits as opposed to the shareholders value. In order to restrict them from doing so, they must either be provided incentives or be monitored. They further argued that in firms where managers have low level of insider ownership, have greater enticement to invest in unbeneficial projects that elongate the firms beyond its most favorable size and the expected yield on new capital expenditure would be negative for such firms. Such actions would obviously be inconsistent with firms value maximization objective. Jensen (1986) suggests that stock prices are tendered downward to imply agency costs coupled with a firms free cash flow. In particular, managers have an enticement to use unfettered funds to benefit themselves instead of the shareholders. John and Nachman (1985) claim that agency costs can be alleviated through reputation building. Particularly, they demonstrate that the agency problem of underinvestment can be determined through reputation. The observed results recommend that managers build reputation through covetous activity whereas the shareholders state their response on pre-acquisition activity. In an ideal world, managers would disburse the entire free cash flow among the shareholders provided; the interests of shareholders and managers complement each other. This would maximize shareholders wealth and allow them to use the available cash for capitalization. Amihud and Lev (1981) however argued that managers have an enticement to minimize their employment risk. Employment risk aims to explain the insecurity inbuilt in a managers tenure or the term of employment. Managers have an option of increasing the certainty of their tenure by diversifying the real asset portfolio of the firm and they do it by purchasing those assets that are unrelated to the primary line of business of the firm. Managers have an option of financing diversification projects by using the free cash flow that has been held back and not been distributed to shareholders, thus they need not seek funds from the capital markets. Easterbrook (1984) believes that it is easy to watch the managerial behavior of the firms when they seek funds from the well-performing capital markets. Therefore, on one hand it becomes difficult to keep a check on the performance of managers if they use the hoarded cash flow for the purpose while on the other hand, investors are unable to measure free cash flow as they are incapable of scrutinizing the investment opportunity schedule of the firm. Shareholders are expected to take any unencumbered cash request negatively, coming from the management for the purpose of diversifying. Unless they are provided sufficient proof, they will assume the request to be the acquisition of free cash flow. As a result of this ambiguity, stock prices will fall and show the residual loss caused by the probable misuse of free cash flow by management. Further, managers may wish to expa nd firm size, irrespective of the fact that it increases shareholders wealth or not, based on the assumption that executive promotion and compensation are positively related to firm size (Donaldson 1984; Baker 1986; and Baker, Jensen, and Murphy 1988). Cash flow is related to the expected yield from new venture as shown by Myers and Majluf (1984). Those firms which have a shortage of liquid assets and cash flow might let go profitable investment expenditure instead of issuing mispriced securities to finance the investment. As a result, these firms might have unexploited investment opportunities which would increase organizations value if adequate cash flow is generated to finance them. Capital expenditure of high ownership businesses must show a reliance on cash flow and positive surplus profits must be there for these firms when they declare new capital expenditure. Morck, Shleifer, and Vishny (1988) described greater levels of insider ownership to be linked with greater leve ls of capital expenditure financed by cash flow due to managerial establishment issues. Firms with greater insider ownership might wish to finance expenditure with cash flow exclusively to avoid control loss associated with weakening their ownership status or limitations imposed by the creditors. Lehn and Poulsen (1989) and McLaughlin, Safieddine, and Vasudevan (1996) defined Free Cash Flow to be operating income before depreciation, less interest expense on debt, less income taxes, less preferred and common dividends. Vogt (1997) calculated both cash flow measures net of dividends and interest expense to control for decisions made at managerial level which affect the level of non dispensed cash flow. A prejudice would be created in the studied relation between cash flow, market returns and capital expenditure if the other decision variables are ignored. As an example he referred to a firm which although has greater levels of cash flow but does not maneuver the agency problem. Such a firm would lessen non dispensed cash flow by opting for high dividend and/or interest levels. It might practice profitable investment expenditure and is not likely to depend heavily on cash flow for the financing. This firm must be allied with optimistic market responses about expenditure announcements. Vogt (1997) used 421 firms to observe relationship between cash flow and capital expenditure. When these firms announced expenditure increases, the level of declared capital expenditure seemed to be positively and much strongly associated with the cash flow level. The vigor of this relation amplifies for businesses with profitable earlier investment opportunities, while firm size drops, and as the fraction of insider possession increases. His further analysis suggested that considerable diversity prevails in the capital markets retort to capital expenditure financed by cash flow. The statistically significant as well as positive excess profits found in the sample of bus inesses announcing increases is strenuous in the smallest of the sample businesses, in businesses with low cash flow compared with capital expenditure and, to a smaller extent, in businesses with high levels of the insider share ownership. There are tests that explain the cross-sectional deviation in returns expose that excess profits for small and medium businesses in the model are positively related with unexpected raise in planned expenditure. These tests are also suggesting that the funds market responds more positively to the announced expenditure by small businesses when the planned expenditure is more reliant on cash flow. On the other hand, excess profits for the largest businesses in the model are negative, however statistically insignificant. Vogt (1997) observed that due to the fact that small businesses and high ownership businesses are most likely to handle the liquidity crunch linked with the asymmetric information, they are most likely to let go lucrative investmen t opportunities in times of cash flow scarcity. As cash flow increases, the money-making capital investment ventures the firm can carry out also increases. As a result, capital expenditure announcements are met with optimistic shareholder response, particularly when expenditure is cash flow dependent. Vogt (1997) concluded by observing that the apparent diversity in the response of market to capital expenditure decisions propose different capital expenditure financing policies for businesses that seek to augment shareholder value. The market values of small businesses, businesses with significant insider ownership, and businesses that are generally cash flow confined appear to be improved by financing capital expenditure with cash flow. These businesses may consider policies of saving undistributed cash flow through leverage and low disbursement policies. Such an action therefore encourages new capital expenditure from internally generated funds. However, all other businesses see m to be less reliant on a cash flow retention policy to assist capital expenditure. In 1986 while explaining the free cash flow (FCF) hypothesis Jensen (1986), concentrates on the agency problem. He believes that managers can enhance their possessions at the cost of shareholders by not paying out the funds from a firms free cash flow in the form of debt financed stock repurchases or dividends, rather investing them in unprofitable investment prospects. Devereux and Schiantarelli (1990), Strong and Meyer (1990), Oliner and Rudebusch (1992) and Carpenter (1993) later studied the role that agency issues play in the relationship between cash flow and investment. Their results turned out to be conflicting vis-a-vis the significance of free cash flow. Strong and Meyer (1990) found that share prices of firms that undertake investment expenditure with unrestricted cash flow face negative performance while Oliner and Rudebusch (1992) found little evidence regarding ownership structure aff ecting the relationship between cash flow and investment. The firms decision regarding dividend has connotation for the FCF theory. According to Lang and Litzenberger (1989), dividends are one way of eradicating free cash flow. Vogt (1994) developed a model in this research paper where he showed that businesses with the chance to exploit free cash flow will go after low dividend payout policies and cash flow would have a strong control on investment expenditure. On the other hand, if firms are confined from obtaining external funds because of whatever reason, firms with profitable venture opportunities would sustain low dividend payout policies with the intention of preserving on cash flow. Therefore his model was found to be steady with Fazzari, Hubbard, and Petersen (1988); it envisages that low payout firms must be linked with a strong relationship between cash flow and investment. There has been considerable pragmatic evidence which indicate that internally created funds a re the focal way of financing firms investment expenditures. Gordon Donaldson (1961), in a detailed study of 25 large firms, concludes as follows: Management strongly favored internal generation as a source of new funds even to the exclusion of external funds except for occasional unavoidable bulges in the need for new funds. A later survey of 176 corporate managers by Pinegar and Wilbricht (1989) discovers that managers favor cash flow to finance new investment over external sources as 84.3% of model respondents showed their preference for funding investment with cash flow. Vogt (1994) explains the relationship of cash flow and capital expenditure by analyzing the free cash flow theory of Jensen (1986). As monitoring is assumed costly, and managers can benefit from overinvestment, he predicts that cash flow will significantly influence investment expenditure after controlling for the cost of capital. Investment expenditure of firms not paying dividend would be more influenced by cash flow than investment expenditure of firms that pay dividends. This follows because no-dividend firms are able to retain all cash flow and still not reach the retention constraint. Businesses that are liquidity-constrained, cash flow and adjustments in their stock of the liquid assets must have a considerable impact on investment expenditure. Businesses with large information asymmetries or several profitable investment opportunities would be having investment expenditure that is most responsive to changes in cash flow, and must preserve on cash flow by paying no or low dividends. Firms signifying a liquidity restraint by not paying out dividends would have the most noteworthy cash flow and investment relationship. In a study; Fazzari, Hubbard, and Petersen (1988) discovered that cash flow has a sturdy effect on investment expenditure in businesses that have low dividend payout policies. They argued that such a result is unswerving with the belief that because of asymmetr ic information costs associated with external financing, low payout firms are cash flow confined. One reason why these businesses keep dividends to the lowest is to preserve on cash flow from which they can fund profitable investment prospects. Later in the year 1993, Fazzari and Petersen (1993) found that the same group of businesses paying low dividends, even out fluctuations in cash flow with working capital to sustain preferred investment levels. This result is unswerving with the findings done by Myers and Majluf (1984) which states that the underinvestment crisis occurring due to asymmetric information can be alleviated by the liquid financial assets. Carpenter (1993) studied the relationships between debt structure, debt financing, and investment expenditure to test the theory of free cash flow, comparing the restructured firms with the non-restructured firms. He observed that firms had increased their investment expenditure that was restructured by substituting large amou nts of external equity with debt as compared to non-restructured firms. To him these results seemed to be inconsistent with free cash flow performance. He believed that cash flow which is committed to debt maintenance must be correlated with reductions in later investment expenditure. Devereux and Schiantarelli (1990) and Strong and Meyer (1990) conducted studies that support the free cash flow elucidation. Strong and Meyer (1990) studied separately the investment and cash flow of firms in the paper industry into sustaining investment and optional investment, and total cash flow and remaining cash flow. Optional investment and share price performance is strongly yet negatively correlated. Discretionary investment and residual cash flow are found to be strongly and positively related. This proof suggests that enduring cash flow is frequently used to finance unprofitable discretionary investment expenditure. Study conducted by Vogt (1994) related to cash flow and capital expendi ture predicts that businesses which do not pay dividends must show the strongest association, whereas those businesses that do pay high dividends must exhibit the weakest relationship between cash flow and investment expenditure. His result suggested that cash flow-financed capital expenditure is slightly inefficient and provides facts in support of the Free Cash Flow hypothesis. Regarding the small businesses paying low dividends over the sample period, Vogt (1994) commented that such businesses relied profoundly on cash flow and changes in cash to finance capital expenditure. Cash flow-financed growth by small, low-dividend firms is likely to be value- creating, whereas cash flow-financed growth is value destroying for large, low-dividend firms. He concluded by suggesting that managers of cash flow-rich companies can even decide to increase dividend payouts in order to increase the efficiency of their capital expenditure decisions. A persistent high-dividend-payout policy can also give a hint to shareholders that extra and expensive monitoring of capital expenditure decisions is not required. Furthermore, as capital expenditures just add to the amount of assets which is under managerial control and create more predictable future cash flows, these expenditures create the opportunity to utilize free cash flow in following periods. Alti (2003) found out that investment is sensitive to cash flow. The sensitivity is substantially higher for young, small firms with high growth rates and low dividend payout ratios. The uncertainty these firms face about their growth prospects amplifies the investment-cash flow sensitivity in two ways. First, the uncertainty is resolved in time as cash flow realizations provide new information about investment opportunities. This makes investment highly sensitive to cash flow surprises. Second, the uncertainty creates implicit growth options relate to long-term growth potential but not to investment in the near-term. Having a wea ker relationship with the value of long-term growth options, cash flow acts as a useful instrument in investment regressions. Gentry (1990) analyzed capital expenditure with total cash flow and found out that the percentage of cash flows going to capital investment ranged from an outflow of 60 percent or more. The giant companies invested a higher percentage of their total outflow in plant and equipment than companies in the other size categories. The small companies invested the lowest percentage of their total outflows in capital. There has been a research done previously that was applied to agricultural firms by Jensen (1993). The results were found to be consistent with previous studies for nonagricultural firms which showed that internal cash flow variables are important in explaining investment. It was found that the addition of internal cash flow variables can improve the explanatory power of agricultural investment models. In terms of elasticity, investment was more re sponsive to internal cash flow variables. Worthington (1995) has found that cash flow measures industry-level investment equations positively and significantly, even after investment opportunities are proxied by capacity utilization variables. The effect of cash flow is greater in durable goods industries than in non durable goods industries. Moyen (2004) explained the fact that the cash flow sensitivity of firms described by the constrained model is lower than the cash flow sensitivity of firms described by the unconstrained model can be easily explained. In both models, cash flow is highly correlated with investment opportunities. With more favorable opportunities, both constrained and unconstrained firms invest more. Raj Aggarwal (2005) conducted a study in which he concluded that investment levels are significantly positively influenced by levels of internal cash flows. Also, the strength of this relationship generally increases with the degree of financial constraints faced by firms. Overall, these findings seem strong to the nature of the financial system and indicate that most firms operate in financially incomplete and imperfect markets and find external finance to be less attractive than internal finance. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS 3.1 Sampling design Sample companies that are taken for the purpose of research are 27 sugar mills of Pakistan that are listed on Karachi Stock Exchange. 3.2 Data Collection Annual financial statement data for 27 sugar mills of Pakistan listed on KSE is taken to calculate free cash flow and annual capital expenditure for the period 2000 through 2008. 3.3 Model Specifications 3.3.1 Variable. 1. Independent variable = Free Cash Flow (FCF) 2. Dependent variable = Net Capital Expenditure 3.3.1.1 Independent variable. The FCF is calculated the way Lehn and Poulsen (1989) and McLaughlin, Safieddine, and Vasudevan (1996) defined it. It is operating income before depreciation, less interest expense on debt, less income taxes, less preferred and common dividends. Free cash flow = Operating income before depreciation interest on debt income taxes preference common stock dividend. 3.3.1.2 Dependent variable. Net capital expenditures are those where funds are used to acquire or upgrade physical assets such as property, industrial buildings or equipment. Change in fixed assets over a year is taken as net capital expenditure by the firm. Net capital expenditure = Current year fixed assets last year fixed assets. Net capital expenditure = Ln (FA) Ln of fixed assets is taken to control the variability of the data. 3.4 Data analysis PP plot of Fixed Assets (FA) PP plot of the first difference of Fixed Assets (FA) PP plot of the Natural Log of Fixed Assets (Ln_FA) PP plot of Free Cash Flow (FCF) 3.5 Interpretation of data analysis The PP plot of Fixed Assets (FA) is not fulfilling the requirement of the data being normally distributed. The values are deviating too much from the benchmark line. In the second graph, the PP plot of the first difference of Fixed Asset is not normally distributed either. In the third graph, the PP plot of the Natural Log of Fixed Assets is normally distributed to a great extent as the values are very close to the benchmark line. Therefore, the data of Natural Log of Fixed Assets is used for further analysis. In the fourth graph, the data of FCF is also normally distributed. Thus, fulfills the prerequisite. Hypothesis Summary Hypothesis Result Free Cash flow has no relationship with capital expenditure. Accepted CHAPTER 4: RESULTS Table 4.1 Correlations Ln_FA FCF Pearson Correlation Ln_FA 1.000 0.011 FCF 0.011 1.000 Sig. (1-tailed) Ln_FA . 0.433 FCF 0.433 . N Ln_FA 243 243 FCF 243 243 The correlation between Ln FA and FCF is 0.011 which is very weak and insignificant as the p-value is 0.433 which is not less than 0.05 (the benchmark). This depicts that there is no interdependence between FCF and Ln FA. Table 4.2 Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 0.011a 0.000 -0.004 0.76453 Predictors: (Constant), FCF The researcher has used statistical software SPSS 17.0 to process the data and run regression analysis on the variables. The results are interpreted in light of statistical text book by Hair (2006). All FCF and (ln) FA figures are in Million Rupees. R squared value: the coefficient of determination, R2 is the amount of variance in the dependent variable that can be explained by the regression model. It is the goodness of fit and shows the explanatory power of a model. Here, it is almost 0 (zero) which depicts that changes in Free Cash Flow do not bring any change in Fixed Assets. In Pakistan, particularly in the Sugar Industry, expansions do not take place every year. Therefore, firms that have spare cash flow do not necessarily invest it in buying fixed assets. Table 4.3 Coefficients a Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 6.290 0.052 121.624 0.000 FCF 5.565E-5 0.000 0.011 0.169 0.866 a. Dependent Variable: Ln_FA The slope of the function is very small and highly insignificant as p-value (0.866) is not less than 0.05 (benchmark). It indicates that change in Free Cash Flows do not cause a change in Fixed Assets. CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, CONCLUSION 5.1 Implication As discussed through out, the importance of Free Cash Flow and Capital Expenditure is quite significant in various industries around the world. After conducting the same study in the Sugar Industry of Pakistan it became apparent that these two variables have no relation between them. Reiterating the earlier discussion, free cash flow can be put to several uses; capital expenditure could be one of them. However, the study proved that free cash flow is not used for capital expenditure in this industry, rather disbursed as dividends among sharehoders or held back as retained earning. The nature of the industry is as such that expansion does not take place every year, therefore the need to invest in fixed assets does not arise. Researchers in Pakistan will be able to use this study for their own analysis and to figure out the reasons why this industry is inconsistent with other industries of the world. Whereas the foreign researchers will be able to take help from this study whil e they study and compare their own economy with that of Pakistan. It will help them benchmark the 5th largest country in the world, in terms of area under sugarcane cultivation; to compare and contrast with the country they wish to study. 5.2 Conclusion The sugar industry in Pakistan is the 2nd largest agro based industry of the country. Pakistan earns heavy foreign exchange resources through import substitution of sugar. Despite of the importance of this industry, significant attention is not paid at the government level to develop it. Lack of support at educational institution level for research and development in this industry is sabotaging the prospects of its better future. Among several other reasons, this research has been done to mark a contribution towards sugar industry, cultivating a field for other researchers to come forward and take the study steps ahead. The relation that exists between free cash flow and capital expenditure is observed in this study. The conclusion verifies that this industry is not consistent with several other industries all over the world in terms of using free cash flow for capital expenditures. Instead of expanding the size of the firms and investing in the fixed assets, management rather d istributes the free cash flow among shareholders. On one hand it increases shareholders value but on the other hand it does not contribute towards improved GDP and a potential increase in output is lost by not making the capital expenditure.

Admissions Applications and the Parent Questionnaire

One aspect of the private school admission process is the completion of a formal  application, which includes both a student and a parent questionnaire. Many parents spend hours going over the student portion with their children, but the parent application needs ample attention, as well. This piece of information is a crucial part of the application, and is something that admission committees read  carefully. Heres what you need to know: The Purpose of the Parent Questionnaire This document may also be  known as the Parent Statement. The rationale for this series of questions is to have you, the parent or guardian, answer questions about your child. There is the understanding that you know your child better than any teacher or counselor, so your thoughts matter. Your answers should help the admissions staff get to know your child better. However, its important to be realistic about your child and remember that every child has both strengths and areas in which he or she can improve.   Answer the Questions Truthfully Dont paint a picture-perfect vision of your child. It important to be genuine and authentic. Some of the questions can be personal and probing. Be careful not to distort or avoid the facts. For example, when the school asks you to describe your childs character and personality, you need to do so succinctly yet honestly. If your child has been expelled or failed a year, you must address the issue forthrightly and honestly. The same goes for information related to educational accommodations, learning challenges, and emotional or physical challenges your child may experience. Just because you disclose information that may not be a glowing positive, doesnt mean that your child isnt a good fit for the school. At the same time, full explaining  the needs of your child can help the school to assess if they can provide the necessary accommodations to ensure success. The last thing you want to do is send your child to a school that cant meet your childs needs.   Make a Rough Draft of Your Answers Always print out a copy of the questionnaire or copy the questions into a document on your computer. Use this secondary place to write a rough draft of your answers to each question. Edit for coherence and clarity. Then put the document aside for twenty-four hours.  Look at it again a day or so later. Ask yourself how your answers will be interpreted by the admissions staff who do not know your child as you do. Have a trusted adviser or, if you have hired one, your educational consultant, review your answers. Then input your answers into the online portal (most schools require online applications these days) and submit along with the other documents. Write Your Own Answers Do not underestimate the importance of the Parent Questionnaire. Something that you may say in your answers could  resonate with the admissions staff and make them feel a connection to you and your family. Your answers might even tip the scale in your childs favor and help the school understand how they can play a primary role in your childs education, helping him or her succeed and achieve their best, both during the years attending the school and beyond. Take plenty of time to craft thoughtful, considered answers that accurately reflect you and your child. Do not have an assistant answer these questions for you. Even if you are a very busy CEO or a  single parent working full time and juggling multiple children, this one document is extremely important; make time to complete it. This is your childs future at stake. Things are not like they used to be decades ago when perhaps the mere fact that you were an important person would suffice to get your child admitted. The same is true for consultants. If you are working with a consultant, it is still important that your questionnaire, and your childs portion of the application (if he or she is old enough to complete one) should be genuine and from you. Most consultants would not write the responses for you, and you should question your consultant if he or she suggests this practice. The school will want to see evidence that you personally have tended to this questionnaire. It is one more indication to the school that you are a committed and involved partner with the school in your childs education. Many schools highly value the partnership with parents and family members, and investing your time in the parent questionnaire can show that youre dedicated to supporting your child and that you will be an involved parent.   Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Organizational Beh. - 3758 Words

o o O L Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Preface 22 1 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 7 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 38 What Managers Do 39 Management Functions 40 †¢ Management Roles 40 †¢ Management Skills 42 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 42 †¢ A Review of the Manager s Job 43 Enter Organizational Behavior 44 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 45 Disciplines That Contribute to the†¦show more content†¦124 Case Incident 2 Crafting a Better Job 125 4 Emotions and Moods 131 What Are Emotions and Moods? 132 The Basic Emotions 134 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 134 †¢ The Function of Emotions 136 †¢ Sources of Emotions and Moods 137 Emotional Labor 142 Affective Events Theory 144 Emotional Intelligence 146 The Case for El 147 †¢ The Case Against El 148 †¢ Emotion Regulation 149 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 149 Selection 150 †¢ Decision Making 150 †¢ Creativity 150 †¢ Motivation 151 †¢ Leadership 151 †¢ Negotiation 151 †¢ Customer Service 152 †¢ Job Attitudes 153 †¢ Deviant Workplace Behaviors 153 †¢ Safety and Injury at Work 153 †¢ How Managers Can Influence Moods 154 Summary a n d Implications f o r Managers 132 Self-Assessment Library How Are You Feeling Right Now? 132 Self-Assessment Library What s My Affect Intensity? 138 M y t h or Science? We Are BetterJudgesofWhen Others Are Happy Than When They Are Sad 141 gSOBalization! Should You Expect Service with a Smile All Around the World? 142 Self-Assessment Library What s My Emotional Intelligence Score? 149 An Ethical Choice Schadenfreude 154 Point/Counterpoint Sometimes Blowing Your Top Is a Good Thing 156 Questions for Review 155 Experiential Exercise Who Can Catch a Liar? 157 Ethical Dilemma Happiness Coaches for Employees 157 Case Incident 1 Is It Okay to Cry atShow MoreRelatedsenior project- CanGo2692 Words   |  11 Pages Strategic Planning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..page 19 â€Æ' Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to provide CanGo Corporation with guidance and recommendations based on a thorough analysis conducted by Team BEHS Consulting Specialist (Team BEHS). 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OVERVIEW The Global Code of Ethics outlined herein describes how this international organization intends to do business. Because this business is global, working in conjunction with different cultures is of utmost importance. Drafting, implementing, and monitoring the Global Code of Ethics has involved and will continue to include a team from all aspects of the business , including;Read MoreHigh Performance Work Systems : Performance Management2232 Words   |  9 Pagesof the goals of the organization. These bundle of practices are activities associated with comprehensive recruitment and selection, employee involvement, performance management, skill development and trainings and incentive based compensation. Organizational behavior specialists believe that companies adopting this approach will have a sustainable competitive advantage . According to a study (Tomer, 2001), high performance work systems or the high commitment organizations use managerial approachRead MoreHow Leadership Styles And Approaches Are Essential For The High Performance Working2469 Words   |  10 Pagesto increase customer satisfaction. Conclusion Through a detailed analysis on working style of the manager of the Family Planning Outreach Clinic, this essay explains how the leadership styles of a leader can make significant influence in an organizational leadership and achieve high performance working. A detailed study on the possibility of capacity planning strategies and queuing models, that are utilized by the Family Planning Outreach Clinic to reduce waiting delays and help the smooth functionRead MoreConcept of Leadership8600 Words   |  35 PagesLeadership is the ability to influence individuals or groups toward the achievement of goals. Leadership, as a process, shapes the goals of a group or organization, motivates behavior toward the achievement of those goals, and helps define group or organizational culture. It is primarily a process of influence. Leadership is a dynamic or changing process in the sense that, while influence is always present, the persons exercising that influence may change. Possession of influence depends upon the situationRead MoreMedical Tourism22177 Words   |  89 Pagesto help the hospital make the right decisions. I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was made possible due to the active support of the staff at Asian Neuro Cardiac Centre, Malaysia . In particular, I would like to thank Ms. Pinache and Mr. Beh for providing information about Malaysia’s medical tourism industry and the hospital. I also extend my gratitude towards Ms. Wendy and Mr. Zahirin without whom traveling would have been a nightmare in Malaysia. At Imperial College London, I would

Human Resource Management in Paradoxes Processes

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management in Paradoxes Processes. Answer: Introduction: Providing a correct recruitment timeline for preparing the program of recruitment of dentist is a job that requires skill and experience. Dr Sallys dental clinic requires a dentist on an urgent basis as her one of the dental doctors in her clinic has submitted resignation on 24th August. As the old dentist will work till the 7th of September, the new dentist would have to join on or within 7th September. Appointment of a new dentist within this short time is very difficult and thereby has to move in a planned manner so that the main objective is fulfilled. The HR has to create a recruitment timeline for the new dentist so that the entire procedure is completed from 11th of August to 7th September. Moreover the job description that has to be published has to be checked by both Dr Sally and her head dentist Dr Sanjeev within 24th august as the later is leaving for a holiday. Keeping all these in mind, one has to create the recruitment timeline so that the steps can be conducted successfully. Recruitment timeline: 11th, 12th and 13th August - The HR team would at first work on the advertisement that is to be prepared in order to publish in the media like newspaper and online job portals within the dates. While creating the advertisements, care should be taken that the important requirements for the dentists profile is met. 14th, 15th and 16th - The next few days like is to be kept, so that the advertisements prepared can be checked and confirmed by Dr. Sally and then Dr. Sanjeev. As they have work commitments an extra day of 16th august is kept, in case of they fail to check the advertisement on 14th and 15th august. 17th to 21st August - Advertisement should be placed in the different media and for that contacts have to be made and appointments with the local daily and internet online job sites have to be approached. For this activity, one needs to keep 3 to 4 days of time for proper application in the described media. Therefore a date from 17th to 21st august should be kept in hand to approach different sites and dailies for the advertisement to be provided. 22nd to 28th August - One can assume that the advertisements will be post on the media from 22nd august to 28th august. A week time should be provided for the applications of different aspiring candidates to reach the dental clinic hr committee. 29th to 31st August - After the closure and withdrawal of the advertisements from the websites and the daily, a time slot should be fixed up by the HR section. Within this slot, the eligible finalists should be shortlisted and then they should be summoned to the interview to the clinic. This phase should be completed within 31st of /august because Mr. Sanjeev who is very important as an active member of the recruitment board would return on 31st and there would be only a week time left for the new employee to join. Therefore three days from 29th to 31st august should be kept for short listing eligible names, calling them by telephones followed by emails which would be sent. 1st and 2nd September - Interview sessions should be conducted on 1st September and 2nd September for the eligible candidates. After Dr. Sally and Dr. Sanjeev have taken the interview, the selected names would be handed to the Hr for further proceedings. This usually includes calling the selected candidates and confirming them about their job along with the the offered remuneration. 3rd and 4th September - They were asked to visit the place within 4th of September to sign the bond and appointment letter so that it can be understood whether the individual is interested or not. The induction should also be carried within this time. 6th and 7th September - However, 2 days are to be kept in hand in case the individual does not show up and a situation arise to contact other eligible candidates so that there is an eligible dentist in place of Dr. Jones when he leaves. Dentists required on an urgent basis within the age of 40. No specialty in dentistry is required. Attractive pay roll of $152000 would be given annually. Requirements: Must be licensed within the state and should have experiences of 6 to 7 years of practice. Should complete any one of the 3 degrees like Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS), Doctor of Dental Medicine (DDM), and Doctor of Medical Dentistry (DMD) Must have fluent communication skills, detail oriented, dexterity, organizational skills, patience, physical stamina and problem solving skills. Must be ready to join the organization soon after selection. Interested candidates are requested to mail at the given email address within 31st of august their resume and their expected salary: Education background: How would you elaborate your educational experience? Are you contented with your performance? Personality traits: What are your strengths and weaknesses in your field of expertise? How would your colleagues describe you? What types of people do you like or dislike? Do you enjoy helping people and if yes the why? Where do you want to show your creativity? How would you handle your patient differently from other dentists? Big picture: Why did you choose dental but not medical science? What you want to contribute through dentistry profession? Would you be interested in dentistry even after a decade? Why? What is your view that oral health is an integrated part of overall body health? Dental experience: What experience have you made in dental office? What do you look forward to in your new job? What do you want to say about your knowledge in modern advancement and technology in dental practices? How would you like to handle an arrogant or uncomfortable patient? Do you have any experiences in administrative and business roles outside dental practice? Future and other interests: What are your main objectives in dentistry? Would you like to practice in your own clinic sometime in your life? What personal goals you have for yourself and your family? What would you like to do in your leisure? References: Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2014).Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bak, C. A., Vogt, L. H., George, W. R., Greentree, I. R. (2013). Management by team.Logistics Information Management. Berman, E. M., Bowman, J. S., West, J. P., Van Wart, M. R. (2015).Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage Publications. Dias, L. (2016). Human resource management.Human Resource Management. Gupta, A., Calfas, K. J., Marshall, S. J., Robinson, T. N., Rock, C. L., Huang, J. S., ... Raab, F. (2015). Clinical trial management of participant recruitment, enrollment, engagement, and retention in the SMART study using a Marketing and Information Technology (MARKIT) model.Contemporary clinical trials,42, 185-195. Snell, S. A., Morris, S. S., Bohlander, G. W. (2015).Managing human resources. Nelson Education. Stone, R. J. (2013).Managing human resources. John Wiley and Sons. Vladimirovich, O. A., Aleksandrovich, B. K., Borisovich, N. A., Yurievich, S. V. (2014). Formal methods for the synthesis of the organizational structure of the management through the personnel recruitment at the industrial enterprises.Journal of Applied Sciences,14(5), 474.

Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay Essay Example

Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay Paper Sujata Bhatt ( B. 1956 ) grew up in Pune but emigrated with her household to the United States in 1968. She studied in the States having an Master of fine arts from the University of Iowa and went on to be writer-in-residence at the University of Victoria. Canada. More late she was sing chap at Dickinson College. Pennsylvania. She presently lives with her hubby and girl in Bremen. Germany. Her first aggregation. Brunizem. won the Commonwealth Poetry Prize ( Asia ) and the Alice Hunt Bartlett Award. Subsequent aggregations have been awarded a Poetry Book Society Recommendation and in 1991 she received a Cholmondeley Award. For Bhatt. linguistic communication is synonymous with the lingua. the physical act of speech production. She has described Gujarati and the Indian childhood it connects her to as â€Å"the deepest bed of my identity† . However. English has become the linguistic communication she speaks every twenty-four hours and which she. mostly. chooses to compose in. The reverberations of this divided heritage are explored in her work. most explicitly in ‘Search for My Tongue’ which alternates between the two linguistic communications. The complex position of English – its beauties and colonial deductions – are besides conveyed in the traveling sarcasms of ‘A Different History’ and ‘Nanabhai Bhatt in Prison’ about her gramps who read Tennyson to soothe himself during his captivity by the British governments. Such division finds geographical look in verse forms which explore thoughts of place ( ‘The One Who Goes Away’ ) and question our mental function of the universe ( ‘How Far East is it Still East? ’ ) . It’s present excessively in her voice. with its musical melding of Indian and American inflexions. We will write a custom essay sample on Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sujata Bhatt Biography Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However. it’s in the non-verbal universe of animate beings and workss that Bhatt finds a beginning of integrity denied to worlds except for the really immature. as in her verse form ‘The Stare’ in which the ‘monkey child’ and the ‘human child’ experience a minute of stamp connexion. Possibly it is this yearning for integrity which makes Bhatt’s composing so animal ; her verse forms are rich with the odor of Allium sativum. the touch of organic structures. the vivacious feather of parrots. An intense colourist like the adult females creative persons who inspire some of these verse forms. Bhatt acknowledges that linguistic communication splits us from experience but through the physical strength of her authorship brings us closer to it so that â€Å"the word/is the thing itself† . Her recording was made for The Poetry Archive on 1 September 2005 at The Audio Workshop. London and was produced by Richard Carrington.